•Malformations
–Neural tube defects:
anencephaly, craniorachischisis totalis,
encephalocele, spina
bifida (myelomeningocele)
–Patterning defects
(holoprosencephaly)
–Cell migration disorders:
lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, heterotopia
–Gyral abnormalities: Down
syndrome, thanatophoric dysplasia
–Cerebellar anomalies: Chiari
malformations, syrinx
–Spinal cord lesions:
diastematomyelia, hydromyelia, spinal lipoma
•Hypoxic/ischemic lesions
–White matter: periventricular
leukomalacia (PVL)
–Gray matter: ulegyria, status
marmoratus
–White and gray: schizencephaly,
multicystic encephalopathy
•Hemorrhages
–Mid-gestational: germinal
matrix hemorrhage
–Perinatal: cerebellar, choroid
plexus, venous thrombosis
•Metabolic disorders
–Leigh’s disease
•Autism
•